Labeling theory and its effects to the society Essay

Labeling theory is a theory that tries to explain the effects of â€Å"labeling† by the society on an individual. It shows that: by labeling an individual for example as insane, that could mark the beginning of the process of him being insane. It is therefore important for society to be careful on the labels that they give to individuals because of the effects that are likely to come with this â€Å"labels†. This paper is going to look into the components of labeling theory and its effects. Labeling Theory Labeling theory looks at the influence that the society has on the development of a certain behavior by an individual because of the society’s perception of him/her. The way an individual has been described and categorized by the public can greatly affect the behavior of the said individual. It also brings out the linguistic tendency of the majority in society to label those who are perceived to be minority or with behaviors different from the rest, negative labels. According to this theory, the stigmatizing or negative labels given to these individuals have a significant effect on them such that some of the individuals may proceed to being deviant (Becker, 1964). An example is an individual who is perceived to be a drug addict. Even if the drugs do not affects his professional life, when individuals whom they work with come to know that they use drugs, they may start avoiding and associating them with all other crimes that are done by drug addicts. Because of this stigmatization, the individual may end up loosing the job and could not be able to secure a decent job in any other place. This will leave him with no other option other than involving in crime for survival, something which he could not have gotten himself in were it not for stigmatization and labels that were directed to him/her (Becker, 1963). According to Becker (1963), the process of labeling cannot be assumed to be purely right because if so, it could have not considered the general rule of deviance which is: it is the society that creates it. The society may create some social rules and apply them to some given individuals without proper consideration. Their claims cannot be justified because there is a possibility that the individual may not be what the society perceives him/her to be. Other offenders may be lucky to go without being noticed by people and you cannot say that just because they were able to escape unseen, they are clean and cannot qualify to be deviant or those who have been labeled are all the same. This is because there may be false accusations. The theory may affect the society in many ways. It may lead to increased crime rate among individuals and society. This is because of the effect that the theory has on an individual like in the example above of a drug addict who will be forced to engage in dangerous activities because of discrimination by the people around him/her. It may also serve as an example to other individuals to avoid committing crimes considering the condemnation involved after carrying out the crime (Becker, 1964). Victims of this theory can also become victims of self fulfilled prophesy. Because of the perception that the society has on these individuals, they may begin to change their behavior to that which the society has labeled them to have either consciously or unconsciously. An example is a homosexual individual. Being a homosexual may not have an effect on an individual’s professional life, but if his colleagues become aware of that fact, it may be difficult for the said person to comfortably work therefore his work will also suffer as a result. Poor results in the work place have been brought about by discrimination that an individual has received from his colleagues because of the label of a â€Å"homosexual† that he had acquired. Although the individuals may be determined to do things right, it may be difficult to abide by that (Becker, 1963). Although this theory may bring about positive influences in society such that others may learn from victims, it makes victims to be more deviant. This could be because of lack of support from the individuals around the victims making life more unbearable for them pushing them further into crime. References Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: labeling theory. New York, NY: The Free Press Becker, H. S. (1964). The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance. New York, NY: The Free Press

The Great Barrier Reef Environmental Sciences Essay

When one speaks of the Great Barrier Reef, they tell of the most celebrated and largest coral reef in the universe. This eye-popping universe of works and carnal life is difficult to grok and is fantastic to see. The wide and shallow Continental shelf of northeasterly Australia provides an ideal base for growing. This reef is a aggregation of 280 barrier reefs, 300 coral keies and stone islands stretching for 1,250 stat mis along the seashore of Queensland, Australia and 160 stat mis offshore. It covers 135,000 square stat mi or approximately merely a small larger than the size of New Mexico. It is inhabited by 1000000s of unusual animals. A individual coral wall holds a broader representation of life than an full continent. It has solid rock that grows upward like a palace or sideways like a Fringilla montifringilla coppice making crevasses that look like mini-grand canons. There are 2000 different types of fish in great battalions of vivacious tropical colourss and angle that do n' t even look like fish. The stone is really coral that comes in all colourss, signifier, and gestures – plume dust storm and Christmas tree coral in ruddy, navy, and pink ; domes of encephalon coral that truly look like encephalons, plate coral that look like elephantine battercakes and staghorn coral that look like they should be on top of a cervid ‘s caput. There is black, pink and ruddy coral that is used in jewellery devising. In fact, there are about 350 different coral types. Coral may look to be lovely workss but they are animate beings – bantam rapacious animate beings. Even though they can non travel, they reproduce, communicate and grow. They begin life as unattached pinpoints called planulae. This pinpoint finds a good foundation, go for good affiliated and develops into a mature polyp. This polyp is merely a heavy tubing with a oral cavity at the top with a circle of tentacles. Despite the simpleness of this design, the coral polyp has persisted for over 400 million old ages. The ground for this success is its place – expression closely and you will see bantam small pores. Each pore is home to a polyp. This place is nil more than limestone that they have created themselves. The polyp takes Ca and carbonate from the saltwater and deposits it about them until they have a snug place. This secreting of limestone continues throughout their life and is deposited at the base of the place so that that the polyp is ever on top. As their place grows, the polyp splits into two, so four, and so eight with uninterrupted dividing until one person has become a settlement. As the size of the settlement grows it becomes a reef that contains 100s of 1000s of settlements with one million millions of polyps, all bound together by their limestone. Corals are invariably looking for more room and finally one type of coral with overtake another type of coral. When this occurs, the also-ran dies and their limestone place becomes the foundation for extra places of the winning coral. This changeless growing, decay and re-growth repetition infinitely as it has for the past 400 million old ages and hopefully for the following 400 million old ages. The Great Barrier Reef appears to be a flower garden with â€Å" petals † blowing in the â€Å" zephyr † of the ocean ‘s currents. The petals are really the tentacles that sit atop the settlement like bantam flowers. This â€Å" flower garden † is lead oning ; it is a deathly web of hold oning fingers coated with glue-like mucous secretion that traps plankton. The fingers of the polyp have tiny un-seeable stinging cells that stupefying its quarry. Then the fingers pass their gimmick from one to another until making the polyp ‘s oral cavity. Some big polyps are so powerful that they can trap little fish. Through a web of nervousnesss, each polyp, communicates with other settlement members. Touch a coral polyp and it will abjure into its rock place. Tap it harder and the full settlement may retreat. Large lone corals can even work together to upright itself if turned upside down during a storm. The tentacles will delve a hole in the sand until the coral Begins to lean ; so go on delving until it uprights itself. How does the polyp know which side should delve and which side should non delve ; is an unbelievable enigma. In order to maintain it self clean and from being buried, the settlement will clean it self by traveling the bantam cilia that cover their organic structures in concert causation deposit and sand to be moved the borders of the settlement. The coral besides secretes a thick bed of mucous secretion that traps soil and so is sloughed off in big sheets. This cleansing maneuver is besides good to other reef occupants as an extra protein rich nutrient beginning. The coral polyps and their places are merely the beginning of the Great Barrier Reef. There are eccentric oddnesss at each crevice and nook. Lionfish with their â€Å" mane † , butterfly fish, clownfish, barracudas, pediculosis pubiss, runt, sharks ; the list can travel on and on. The reef attracts 100s of species of animate beings to feed, engender, and slumber. Sea urchins walk on the tips of their spinal columns beckoning their other spinal columns like a unsighted adult male walking down the street with a cane. In fact, urchins do non hold eyes. The rainbow parrotfish eats the coral reef and passes the limestone out as white sand, which becomes the environing beaches. These eatened countries become places for sponges, worms and molluscs and destructive forces such as bore bits and parasites. The destructive forces create more holes and shortly the reef has become a elephantine piece of Swiss cheese with spreads and tunnels supplying legion mini-ecosystems and concealing topographic points for fish, moray eels, lobsters and sea stars. Some of the more interesting animate beings are the immense, spiked, poison-tipped sea star called the crown-of-thorns sea star, which eats unrecorded coral polyps, the dunce shark, beams, the elephantine clam, sea serpents and sea polo-necks. Despite all attempts by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, there are legion species that are on the endangered list – which include sea polo-necks, kyphosis giants, Triton Trumpet Shell and the Banded Sea Snake. Marine polo-necks are the earliest seamans of the oceans. They foremost emerged during the dinosaur age and have been swimming in the sea of all time since. Female polo-necks still climb the sandy beaches to put their eggs as their female parent ‘s did more than 150 million old ages ago. Turtlenecks have changed small since that dinosaur age – they still live their full life in the H2O except to put their eggs. Six of the universe ‘s seven species of marine polo-neck live in the Waterss within the Great Barrier Reef. Some species such as the dunce and green polo-neck are seen often, while others such as the Olive Ridley and leathery turtle are rarely seen. The most endangered is the level back sea polo-neck. The causes for hazard are: they lay fewer eggs than other polo-necks, marauders of foxes, warrigals and the Australian Monitor Lizard and vanishing nesting sites. Humpback whales come from the South-polar Waterss to the Great Barrier Reef from May to September to break up and to construct up strength over the winter before they return to the Antarctic in summer. The Great Barrier Reef is the baby's room for the kyphosis giant. Female kyphosis giants give birth to a calf that is 10 to 15 pess long at birth and weigh around 2,000 lbs. The female is pregnant for 12 months and so nurses her calf for another twelvemonth. She can give birth to a babe calf about one time every three old ages. Merely between 30,000 and 40,000 kyphosis giants remain in the universe. This is about one-third the Numberss of kyphosis giants that originally roamed the oceans. Hunting is non the lone ground that the kyphosis giant is endangered. The devastation of their home ground has contributes to their disappearing. For illustration, the giants feed on krill and logging is killing krill. Loging creates overflow of deposit and nitrates into the ocean. The Triton Sea Shell snail is now a rare discovery in the Great Barrier Reef and the Pacific Ocean. They are found at the deepness of 15 – 60 pess in the coral home ground. This snail is really of import to the reef ; it preys on the Crown of Thorns sea star which eats the reef ‘s coral. After turn uping its quarry, the cornet snail paralyses the sea star with an injection of paralytic salivary juices, and so drills through the sea star ‘s skeleton with dentitions to feed on the soft tissue indoors. The Triton Sea Shell is really rare because of the beauty and size of its shell and it is wanted by serious shell aggregators everyplace. Sea serpents occur in the tropical Waterss of the Great Barrier Reef. They inhabit shallow Waterss along seashores and around islands, river oral cavities, and can go up into rivers up to more than 100 stat mis from the sea. This snake provenders on fish, fish eggs, and crustaceans and molluscs. The Banded Sea Snake is egg-laying and is highly deadly. The Banded Sea Snake still must come up to breath air and has smooth scaly organic structures like land serpents. What makes the sea snake an first-class swimmer and frogman is their vertically flattened paddle-like tail. Sea serpents are exploited for their tegument, variety meats, and meat. The impact of this development on the Banded Sea Snake is difficult to find due to the deficiency of monitoring of commercial piscaries. Why is the Great Barrier Reef of import to worlds? The reef is called the rain forest of the ocean due to its biologically diverse ecosystems. It is 2nd merely to tropical rain woods in the figure of species it harbors. Although the Great Barrier reef merely occupy 20 % of the oceans coral reefs ( an country approximately the size of North Carolina ) , it is home to about one one-fourth of the planet ‘s aquatic species. Coral reefs offer of import income beginnings for their human neighbours through touristry and fishing, which provide both subsistence and trade. Recently, scientists have begun to detect that coral communities may incorporate valuable medical specialties that may one twenty-four hours take to interventions for malignant neoplastic disease and HIV. For coastal communities, the reef besides plays an of import function in protecting their coastlines from storms. I have spoken of how fantastic and of import the Great Barrier Reef is ; but, the reef is among the most susceptible to human impacts and is being damaged and destroyed with dismaying easiness. Practices such as over-fishing, the usage of dynamite or toxicant to capture fish and dropping boat ground tackles on corals has produced tremendous harm. Even an inadvertent touch from frogmans and snorkelers can significantly damage the delicate coral polyps. Pollution, silting from land-based building, and fertiliser overflow have led to damage to coral reefs worldwide by barricading the sunlight corals require for photosynthesis by their symbiotic algae. Rising sea temperatures from planetary heating can besides destruct corals. However, when a coral reef has been damaged from human effects, it may hold a more hard clip retrieving from natural catastrophes. Due to the reef ‘s sensitiveness to really little temperature lifts and to alterations in ocean acidification, the Great Barrier Reef is watched to supervise clime alterations. Australia ‘s most well-known Marine and environmental scientists say to be able to deliver the Earth ‘s coral reefs from widespread harm caused by adult male, the industrialised states will necessitate to cut planetary heating, C emanations and ocean acidification by 25 per centum by 2020 and by 80 to 90 by 2050. Coral decease and decoloring due to thermic injuries involved over 50 per centum of the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002, when the summer maximal H2O temperatures were increased by merely one to two grades centigrade. Bleaching is a mark of emphasis. Corals appear bleached when they expel the bantam workss that normally live in their tissues. High H2O temperatures and other environmental conditions stress corals and can do them to decolor ; but, they can last if the H2O temperature does n't remain elevated for an drawn-out period of clip. The reef experienced bleaching in 1998 and had n't recovered before decoloring occurred once more in 2002. The 2002 bleaching is the worst episode on record with harm to both on-shore and off-shore reefs. Airplanes were used the position the Great Barrier Reef bleaching and they discovered that about 60 per centum of the Marine park reef was heat-stressed. Fortunately, the harm by decoloring has non caused widespread decease of the coral. We mere ly need to look at other reefs around the universe to acquire a clear warning as to what happens when the temperature spikes becomes more legion and acute. Ocean acidification is speed uping and has already earnestly affected the growing and strength of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean acidification will impact all marine beings and this will upset the ecology of the universe ‘s oceans making a socio-economic influence on piscaries and other pelagic concerns. What sort of impact will the diminution of the Great Barrier Reef hold? The Australian economic system benefits significantly from the Great Barrier Reef ; it generates about $ 5.4 billion dollars every twelvemonth. The touristry industry produces $ 5.1 billion, recreational involvements make $ 153 million and commercial fishing turns out $ 139 million. The coral reef has already seen better yearss despite good direction by the Marine park. Loss of coral protections reduces biodiversity, finally upseting touristry, fishing and coastal protection. â€Å" We ‘ve seen the grounds with our ain eyes. Climate alteration is already impacting the Great Barrier Reef, † says Professor Terry Hughes of the James Cook University located in Queensland. What is being done to protect and continue the Great Barrier Reef? Because of its alone national and international significance, the Great Barrier Reef is listed under the World Heritage Convention. It meets all four of the natural heritage standards: biological diverseness, aesthetics and natural beauty, ecological and biological procedures, and geological admiration. To guarantee that the biological diverseness and construction of the Great Barrier Reef are maintained, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park has started a class that will enlarge the country and figure of â€Å" no-take † Marine safeties. The no-take zones will hold representation from all bioregions that are recognized in the park. Monitoring is important to track alterations, such as eruptions of crown-of-thorns sea star, locate coral bleaching, or diminutions in the position of inshore reefs. Keeping an oculus on H2O quality is done by supervising the H2O quality in the rivers that flow to the Great Barrier Ree f. Education is raising reef consciousness and taking to improved patterns in the agriculture – cane and banana husbandmans are modifying their usage of fertiliser to minimise run-off loss. The pattern of green cultivated land of harvests and rubbish blanketing ( go forthing the rubbish on the land as compost and non firing harvests ) is increasing, which reduces deposit and alimentary loss. The Great Barrier Reef is an astonishing portion of this universe and its disappearing would be a great loss to adult male and nature.

Media Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Portfolio - Assignment Example The three critical issues in this market present the major pillars of human resource in the country. It is important to note that the Saudi Arabian labor market was not celebrated much in the past due to some unwanted practices including alleged mistreatment of employees. Therefore, during this time that the market in undergoing transformation, revitalization and healing, employee safety and the roles of supervisors in the workplace come in handy. That notwithstanding, saudization is also critical to the healing of this market because of its relation to the replacement of foreign employees in the Saudi Arabian labor market with Saudi nationals especially in the private sector. The Saudi Arabian labor market has not been able to achieve its economic competitiveness in the recent past. This situation has been associated with a number of factors including the most recent being saudization. The employees in this market have also experienced unfavorable working conditions that have deterred them from achieving their maximum potentials at their respective workplaces (Avery, 2005). In addition to that, these employees have not been well motivated to offer their best towards achieving organizational goals and it is for this reason that reports have indicated that Saudi Arabia has been declining in its global economic competitiveness over the last few years. However, there have been efforts to thwart the dangers accompanied by these economic conditions in the labor market. For example, Saudi Arabia has formulated and implemented a number of health, safety and security protocols for its employees in a bid to enhance their motivation and satisfaction and subsequently harness the most out of them. The roles of supervisors, who were previously in the limelight for perpetrating employee frustrations, have been completely overhauled. Saudization can be described as the process

(you choose it for me) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(you choose it for me) - Essay Example Nevertheless, I agree that the acquired world as a poetic descendant of England antique origin provided Locke with a symbolic source of natural, individual rights and free will. The above traits went helped in reinforcing his home sponsorship in parliamentary constitutionalism. Locke, like the colonists, knew that the state of nature in the modern world only thrived in a mythic form. Cheating had already been experienced by the American Indians ranging from scarcity of necessities, operation in the distribution and sale of properties including land, and subjections to usurpation and dictatorship crueler than the one subjected to their new colonial neighbors who ran away from England tyranny (Locke 1980, p.79). John Locke symbolically used the word â€Å"property† in two senses: the narrow and the extensive one. Narrowly, the word â€Å"property† submitted to material possessions, whereas, extensively he used the word to symbolize the liberal range of human ambitions and interests. John Locke opinioned that property should be a natural obligation and in order for one to acquire it a lot of labor, and hard work had to be employed. John Locke deems that one endeavors the ownership of a property by working towards achieving the said property. The meaning of this quotation is that the property was there long before even the start of the government, and this means that the state has no rights at all to disorganize the assets of the subjects randomly. Karl Marx feels otherwise about Locke’s theory of property (Locke 1980, p.88). In relation to human nature, Lock deemed the value and importance of these ideas in that tolerance and reason appear as common traits in human beings. I agree that human beings also were purported to act selfishly at one given time of their lives. The statement proved true after the introduction of currency to the society. Locke perceived people to be naturally self

Women in Art History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women in Art History - Assignment Example The Rococo period began in the 1700’s and it was mostly dominant in France which was setting trends during the time but later spread to the rest of Europe. Art during this period featured curves that were shell shaped, and motifs which were wave-like. It was particularly common in the sumptuous designs of furniture as well as interior designs. During the same period there was growing discomfort in France owing to the monarch’s excesses, imposition of oppressive taxes to the poor and peasant citizens making it really had for many artists to express. The social structure was a major reason for the discomfort due to the injustices presented. Only 0.55% of the population known as the first estate owned 10% of land, paid little or no taxes at all and led luxurious lives. The aristocracy or second estate making just 2% of the population on the other hand took 30% of land, and enjoyed favors from the monarch such as tax exemption while peasants suffered significantly. Peasants by virtue of not belonging to the clergy or aristocracy led very squalid lives bearing taxes which continued to rise at frustrating rates. The luxurious fashion enjoyed by the nobility made the situation get out of control. The ridiculous fashions and styles were taken up by men and women in France reflecting shallowness, fashion became a thing of the wealthy members of society and this was spread all over as France was a trend setter. Kind Louis XV and his wife joined the movement with their extravagant lifestyles.

Incidence of alcohol consumption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Incidence of alcohol consumption - Research Paper Example Phase one. Before analyzing the general incident of alcohol consumption, it is of importance to analyze or define the community in the subject matter first. The community in question here is the New Jersey community. The specific population being assessed involves males from the teen age to adults. That is the most vulnerable population all over the world. Teens also have engaged in drinking habits even though the federal government for instance the America, prohibits this act. According to America, the legal drinking age should be persons who have attained 21 years and above, although the life dynamics have altered this criterion. Now, the above-mentioned population has pertinent role in the community. First, they are male, and so the notion of responsibility should be thought of whenever males are mentioned. In short, this population has the responsibility of protecting the community as a whole, either directly or indirectly. The boundaries of this group are the Pennslylvania, New York and Delaware. The community also borders the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, the geographical boundary that separates this group from others is the administrative boundaries, which separates if from Delaware, New York and Pennclyvania as well as the Pacific Ocean. The group is located in America, and it is one of those communities that alcohol is an alarming factor, and that is why it is being assessed. It is pertinent also to note that non-governmental group will do the assessment in conjunction with the governmental officials. Phase two. This phase involves the data collection method described for the data generation and gathering. First, some of the data methods used to collect information ranges from the non-governmental organization all the way to manual and just individual data collection. Some of the bodies that will assist in the data collection are the American FactFinder, Epodunk, county, and state quick facts to mention but a few. At the same time, governmental agencies ga ve in their efforts just to ensure all the alcohol assessment procedure has gone through perfectly. They are the, national center for statistics, healthy people as well as centers for prevention and control of the disease. Data gathering The first method of data collection involved internet search. This was to investigate general information about the population. Through internet research, the following information were gathered: Ethnic population: Race Population Total population 6135 white 5623 Latino or Hispanic 302 Others 210 Median age Population groups; Under 15 years 17 % 15 to 24 years, = 20 % 25 to 44 years, = 21% 45 to 65 years, =28 % Over 65 years, = 14 % Income and alcoholics in New Jersey: Household=$ 31,550, and the percentage of the community below poverty level=10 %. Now having illustrated the above it is worth to note that the statistical data in percentage on those who are alcohol addict is as follows. Under 20 years 18.4 % 20 to 35 years, = 43 % 35 to 45 years, = 31% 45 years and above, =7.6 % (Moderation Management, 2008) Graphical representation; Almosty the same informartion has been obtained through manual intervew, and newspaper. That me ans that the internet is updated as oper the data iobtained in several fields by the researchers. After updating it in the newspaper, the same is taken and tabulated on the internet for educational purpose. With

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM Dissertation

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM - Dissertation Example Besides testing a model, this study will also be testing market efficiency and using use Cointegration as a decision rule for pair selection, try to ascertain whether different and more efficient rules may be implemented. In order to calculate asset returns we need the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) which gives predictions on how to measure risk and the relationship between risk and return. The relationship of expected return is linear and is necessary to explain differences in returns among securities. Introduction Pairs trading include tested methods used to identify and invest in pairs. This was developed by Morgan Stanley in the 1980’s and is today one of the most commonly used strategies in the finance and trading industry. Using this strategy, an investor looks at two assets, whose prices have moved together in the past. As the price spread widens, the investor takes a short position in the outperforming asset and a long position in the underperforming asset hoping t hat the spread will move back again, thereby generating profits. If history then repeats itself, prices will congregate and the arbitrageur will earn revenue. For example, if the U.S. equity markets were efficient at all times, risk-adjusted returns from pairs trading would never be positive. The Morgan Stanley group disbanded in 1989 after a couple of bad years of performance, pairs trading has since then become an progressively more well known market-neutral investment strategy used by investors as well as hedge funds. The increased popularity of quantitative based statistical arbitrage strategies has also been affecting the profits. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a vital area of financial management that has contributed to finance becoming a scientific and fully fledged discipline of study. There abounds criticism that the Capital Asset Pricing Model is somewhat unrealistic due to the assumptions that it is based upon. This includes the assumption that investors would only require returns on the systematic risking of their portfolios, due to the removal of the unsystematic risk which can hence be ignored. The market neutral portfolios are constructed using just two securities, consisting of a long position in one and a short position in the other, in a predetermined ratio. The two versions of pairs trading in the equity markets are statistical arbitrage pairs and risk arbitrage pairs. A Statistical arbitrage pair trading is based on the idea of relative pricing. The underlying premise in relative pricing is that stocks with similar characteristics must be priced more or less the same. The spread in the case may be thought of as a degree of mutual mispricing, so the greater the spread, the higher the magnitude of mispricing and hence a greater scope of profit. The strategy involves assuming a long-short position when the spread is substantially away from the mean. It is expected that the mispricing will be correct. The position is then reversed an d profits are made when the spread reverts. The pairs trading strategy might be justified within an equilibrium asset-pricing framework with non-stationary common factors as noted in Fund & Hsieh (1999). Asset returns can be computed by Capital Asset Pri

Reporting Requirements Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reporting Requirements Memo - Essay Example The memo ends with the comparison of the accounting reporting practices of the two entities. Reporting requirements for private sector, not-for-profit organizations under Financial Accounting Standard Board guidance The Financial Accounting Standard Board has specific accounting reporting requirements for all types and kinds of health care organizations. This also includes the private sector not for profit nursing homes. The Financial Accounting Standard Board have issued several standards especially for private not for profit nursing homes. Few of the standards that have been introduced are â€Å"Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions Made,† â€Å"Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations† and â€Å"Accounting for Certain Investments Held by Not-for-Profit Organizations†. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ (AICPA’s) accounting and audit guide for Health Care Organizations have made these statements m andatory. Both AICPA and FASB promote the accrual method of accounting. An accrual method accounting gives a complete, accurate and meaningful report about the financial condition of the organization. The accounting period should span for one year. A private sector not for profit nursing home’s financial statements should have a balance sheet, a statement of operations, cash flow statements and statements showing changes in net asset. If the not for profit organization decides to invest in financial assets the transactions that involves financial instruments have to be recognized on the settlement date. Any transactions that involve a third party have to be measured at fair value. For investments in debt securities, the securities that are not held up to the maturity period are recorded at fair value with subsequent changes in net assets and net income. The organization can invest in debt bonds at amortized rate without any restriction. The debt security should be measured at fair value and any changes in net income should be recorded. The principles for investment in equities are that the shares that are quoted in the active market should be recorded at the fair price and the resulting change in the net assets should also be recorded. Unquoted equities can be measured at the actual market price (Carmichael & Rosenfield, 2003). Investments in mutual funds will also be considered as equity investments. Derivatives that involve hedging characteristics should be measured at fair price. A private nonprofit organization should be very careful in selecting the methods it wants to use to measure its investments so that its relationships with its benefactors are not compromised. It should successfully incorporate the unrealized losses and gains in its financial statements. Transaction costs that arise due to purchasing of financial instruments should be capitalized and will be measured at the amortized cost. At the end of each accounting period the organization has to check for assets that are impaired. If there is any such asset its carrying amount should be reduced to the highest of the amount the organization expects to generate by selling the asset or the present value of the expected future cash flow of the financial instrument. Accounts receivable will be treated in the same way as debt securities. But receivables that are not due for a minimum of one year and are without market rates

Interactive marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interactive marketing - Essay Example Has cookies which are small texts files placed in the computers by the websites visited by the consumers Has an e-dialogue channel for the high frequency travellers and the customer communications in the UK. Has the mobile marketing and also personal messaging on its website. Sell tickets online. Has web sales and marketing Has online booking and paperless ticketing Customers can check their passenger information and details from the internet before they travel Has enormous online travel offers for the customers making them to embrace he online travel technology. 2.0 British airways British airlines have been using the web marketing very extensively and it has installed various modes of marketing the airline via the websites and this has since increased their anticipated profits. To start with through the internet marketing the airline has offered a Google earth vacation views in an attempt to lure more people to book their next flights with the airline. (BBC business news 2001) The Google earth imagery that has been added in their website has been used in helping the people who are travelling with the airline to see where they will be enjoying their vacations before they even take the flights. The British airways and the like have since suffered a considerable loss of revenue from a dramatic drop in demand for the transatlantic flights like the Ryan air as well as from the temporary closure of the American airspace after the attacks. (Vincent 2003) 3.0 Budget airline Ryan air In the midst of the turmoil in the airline industry the Ryan air breed has continued to prosper and attracting more and more passengers against all the formidable odds. The airline which is known as no frills or discount...(BBC business news 2001) The Google earth imagery that has been added in their website has been used in helping the people who are travelling with the airline to see where they will be enjoying their vacations before they even take the flights. The British airways and the like have since suffered a considerable loss of revenue from a dramatic drop in demand for the transatlantic flights like the Ryan air as well as from the temporary closure of the American airspace after the attacks. (Vincent 2003) In the midst of the turmoil in the airline industry the Ryan air breed has continued to prosper and attracting more and more passengers against all the formidable odds. The airline which is known as no frills or discount airline is seizing the initiative while most of the other carriers like the British airways are loosing their heads. Their low cost ethos advantage is enabling them to ride out the economic slowdown. Ryan airs low cost culture have made the company's costs gradually decline as they use the paperless ticketing and they also do their sales and marketing over the phone or through the internet.

Common ground Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Common ground - Essay Example Prior to civil war, raw food materials were flooding the market because people prepared food like bread, cheese, vegetable etc. from the raw material, either bought from the local supermarket or home grown. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw the advent of processed food which immediately captured the interest of the consumer. Readymade food flooded the market and ‘two minute’ noodle became the craze. Similarly, the paint industry also went under transformation. Technology as well as the innovative approach to painting, became an instant hit with the consumers who loved the new technology. The emerging paint industries bought the smaller ones and grew rapidly, touching great heights in a comparatively short time. The changing consumer requirement became a vital market strategy in the coming years which saw the emergence of new industrial revolution that specialized in creating new market. The fast technological advancement became the hall mark of post civil war period. The corresponding change in the consumer behaviour was one of the most compelling factor in promoting fast industrialization which was highly original in ideas and became proficient in exploiting the market demand that was intentionally created. Hence the common ground of both the article is the changing consumer demand which moved from the traditional household industries to highly indigenous and technologically advanced industries in area of public interest and

The History of the Noose Essay Example for Free

The History of the Noose Essay The origins of the noose, also known as the hangman’s knot, can be traced to both colonial America and England, and continues to be used today in some US states as well as other nations that still use hanging as a form of capital punishment. The uniqueness of the noose as compared to other forms of rope typing lies in its number of coils and the way it is done; most professionally done nooses have 6 to 8 coils, which can be adjusted depending on the purpose for which it is intended for. The notoriety of the noose however, lies not only in its use as a method of capital punishment. It has also been associated as a racial hate symbol, so far being used in the United States against African-Americans. This is in reference to the various forms of extermination performed against African-Americans in the rural South in the past. To address such, the use of nooses for the intention of perpetrating a hate crime, or using nooses as a racial hate symbol, was made illegal under U. S. law. Recently, there have been cases where the hanging of nooses was done at American universities in what many see may be a resurgence of the symbol. A widely known incident that recently happened was where six black teenagers got into a fight with six white teens over the hanging of nooses in the trees. The case was brought to court and is now known as the â€Å"Jena Six† affair. In totality, nooses can be said to be very significant to African-Americans, but not in a good sense. If anything, the noose represents a direct attack on their race, and the move to make it illegal was definitely a step in the right direction. Just as the noose gained its reputation with being a form of capital punishment, it too has become a racially charged symbol that continues to affect African-Americans today.

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay Example for Free

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay The term ‘classical economists’ was firstly used by Karl Marx to describe economic thought of Ricardo and his predecessors including Adam Smith. However, by ‘classical economists’, Keynes meant the followers of David Ricardo including John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshal and Pigou. According to Keynes, the term ‘classical economics’ refers to the traditional or orthodox principles of economics, which had come to be accepted, by and large, by the well known economists by then. Being the follower of Marshal, Keynes had himself accepted and taught these classical principles. But he repudiated the doctrine of laissez-faire. The two broad features of classical theory of employment were: (a) The assumption of full employment of labour and other productive resources, and (b) The flexibility of prices and wages to bring about the full employment (a) Full employment:- According to classical economists, the labour and the other resources are always fully employed. Moreover, the general over-production and general unemployment are assumed to be impossible. If there is any unemployment in the country, it is assumed to be temporary or abnormal. According to classical views of employment, the unemployment cannot be persisted for a long time, and there is always a tendency of full employment in the country. (b) Flexibility of prices and wages:- The second assumption of full employment theory is the flexibility of prices and wages. It is the flexibility of prices and wages which automatically brings about full employment. If there is general over-production resulting in depression and unemployment, prices would fall as a result of which demand would increase, prices would rise and productive activity will be stimulated and unemployment would tend to disappear. Similarly, the unemployment could be cured by cutting down wages which would increase the demand for labour and would stimulate activity. Thus, if the prices and wages are allowed to move freely, unemployment would disappear and full employment level would be restored. Say’s Law:- 1. Say’s Law is the foundation of classical economics. Assumption of full employment as a normal condition of a free market economy is justified by classical economists by a law known as ‘Say’s Law of Markets’. 2. It was the theory on the basis of which classical economists thought that general over-production and general unemployment are not possible. . According to the French economist J. B. Say, supply creates its own demand. According to him, it is production which creates market for goods. More of production, more of creating demand for other goods. There can be no problem of over-production. 4. Say denies the possibility of the deficiency of aggregate demand. 5. The c onceived Say’s Law describes an important fact about the working of free-exchange of economy that the main source of demand is the sum of incomes earned by the various productive factors from the process of production itself. A new productive process, by paying out income to its employed factors, generates demand at the same time that it adds to supply. It is thus production which creates market for goods, or supply creates its own demand not only at the same time but also to an equal extent. 6. According to Say, the aggregate supply of commodities in the economy would be exactly equal to aggregate demand. If there is any deficiency in the demand, it would be temporary and it would be ultimately equal to aggregate supply. Therefore, the employment of more resources will always be profitable and will take to the point of full employment. 7. According to Say’s Law, there will always be a sufficient rate of total spending so as to keep all resources fully employed. Most of the income is spent on consumer goods and a par of it is saved. 8. The classical economists are of the view that all the savings are spent automatically on investment goods. Savings and investments are interchangeable words and are equal to each other. 9. Since saving is another form of spending, according to classical theory, all income is spent partly for consumption and partly for investment. 10. If there is any gap between saving and investment, the rate of interest brings about equality between the two. Basic Assumptions of Say’s Law:- (a) Perfectly competitive market and free exchange economy. (b) Free flow of money incomes. All the savings must be immediately invested and all the income must be immediately spent. (c) Savings are equal to investment and equality must bring about by flexible interest rate. (d) No intervention of government in market operations, i. e. , a laissez faire economy, and there is no government expenditure, taxation and subsidies. (e) Market size is limited by the volume of production and aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. (f) It is a closed economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the worlds economy can decline. The depression originated in the U. S. , starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929. From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. Unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in General Theory of Employment Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes basic idea was simple: to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and/or cutting taxes. Criticism of Keynes on Classical Theory:- The law of J.B Say was finally falsified and laid to rest with the writings of Lord J.M. Keynes. He in his book, General Theory, has severally citicized the Say’s La on the following grounds. †¢ Posibility of defficiency of affective demand:- He says that in a compatative market it is not necessory that all income earned is automatically spend on cosumption and investment. A part of Income may be saved and may go to increase individual holdings. There may, thus appear a deficiency in aggregate demand causing overproduction and unemployment in the country. †¢ Pigou’s view on wage cuts:- Keynes criticized the view that a general cut in real wages in times of depression is a cure for unemployment. Keynes is of the view that a general cut in real wages may reduce the aggrigate demand for goods and deepen depression. †¢ Saving investment equality:- The Say’s Law assumes that micro economic analysis can profitably by by applied to the economy as a whole. Keynes rejects this view and says that for the explanation of the general theory of income and employment, the macro economic analysis is required. †¢ Saving investment equality:- Keynes was never convinced of the classical version that interest elasticity can equate savings ad investment. According to him, It is the income not the rate of interest which is the equilibrium force between saving and investment. †¢ Monopoly element:- Say’s Law assumes perfect competition in the economy. Keynes says It is the imperfect completion which in practice prevails in the product and factor market. †¢ Role of Trade unions:- In the contemporary capitalistic world, The trade unions bargain with the employers for the fixation of wages. The state also fixes minimum wages in certain industries. †¢ Short run economics:- Keynes says that, the lenth of long run is not clear in Say’s law. Keynes Theory Of Income And Employment John Maynard Keynes wrote his esteemed book â€Å"General Theory of Employment† in 1936. Keynes has strongly criticised the classical theory in his book. His theory of employment is widely accepted by modern economists. Keynesian economics is also known as ‘new economics’ and ‘economic revolution’. Definition:- â€Å"In short period, level of national income and so of employment is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the country.† â€Å"Volume of employment depends on the level of national income and output. Increase in national income means increase in employment† The equilibrium of national income occurs where aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. This equilibrium is also called effective demand point.

The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay On the afternoon of the 12th of May 2008, a threatening 8.0-magnitude of earthquake occurred on the Northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan and Southwest of Beijing in China. The China Official stated that 69,227 people were confirmed dead, 68,636people were in Sichuan territory and 374,176 people were injured with 18,222people were missing. The earthquake caused about 5  million people homeless. An estimation of 5.36 million buildings collapsed and more than 21 million buildings were damaged in Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi and Yunnan were part of the affected area. The total economic loss was estimated 86 billion US dollars. The most affected area like Beichuan, Dujiangyan, Wuolong and Yingxiu were almost completely destroyed. This Sichuan earthquake is the most stunning earthquake happened in China since the Tangshan earthquake in 1976 which killed at least 240,000  people. The roads, railways and buildings were damaged and destroyed by landslides and rock falls which were formed by the earthquake, the landside created more than 34 barrier lakes which intimidated about 700,000 people at downstream to evacuate. The road access to the region of Chengdu was cut off for a number of days. The communications of the entire city were almost broke down. The rescue teams had to proceed to the scene for more than 3 days by foot. Several months later, the nightmare wasnt ended. The aftershocks was still continued to hit the area, some of them surpassed 6 magnitudes that caused more victims and damages lost. Regardless of the large death rate in this earthquake, questions and voices raised about thousands of the initial quakes victims were children buried in shoddily built schools. Even the government institution building like hospitals, schools and factories were completely collapsed in several different areas around Sichuan. It was questioned by the parents of children and the media, how rigorously the China has been enforced the buildings code during this century. Therefore, the central government of China declared on it would use 1 trillion Renminbi (around $146.5 billion) in the coming three years to reconstruct areas ravaged after the earthquake. CONSEQUENCE OF THE EARTHQUAKE Health and Pollution The health problem in affected areas is terrible, mainly due to the lack of clean water, resulting in victims fouling and rubbish is everywhere. In addition, fires, gas leaks and water pollution are the environmental problem after the Sichuan earthquake. Communication All communication in Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei and other places is interrupted by the earthquake, the three provinces of public communications network infrastructure was severely damaged. Due to the sudden increased in communications, the usage of local long-distance telephone in Sichuan has risen to more than 10 times, cell phone receive rate dropped to half of the average. Sichuan Aba area of about 200 base station network paralysis; Chengdu communications network is fortunately normal, but network is busy, voice message is 7 times of usual and the SMS is 2 times of usual that resulting in congestion and SMS communication delay. Traffic   Road damaged by the earthquake which affected the aviation, Chengdu International Airport shut down immediately after the earthquake. Railways, the Baoji-Chengdu Railway and Chengdu-Kunming railway line extension and the related multiple collapsed. Highways, the earthquake caused landslides, avalanches and other secondary disasters which resulting the roads in the disaster areas and the infrastructure severely damaged and enormous loss. Landform and Water Earthquake caused the collapse of the Minjiang River and areas of landscape change that induced a large number of secondary mountain hazards, mainly landslides, debris flow, etc., in the active stage of secondary disasters after the earthquake, landslide active landslide will continue of 5-10 years, the active debris flow will continue of 10-20 years. In addition, the earthquake in Wenchuan, Beichuan and other areas formed 34 barrier lakes; and the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake is the most dangerous one. Ecology The homes of Wolong giant panda in Sichuan were destroyed by the earthquake mountain collapse, landslide, debris flow and land subsidence. Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu Province ecosystems are damaged in large area, bare soil, rivers blocked and geomorphology changed that affected the water conservation function, soil conservation function and biodiversity maintenance function to serious jeopardy. Finance and Industry After the earthquake, the Agricultural Development Bank in Beichuan County branch is affected, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange are unable to contact the listed company of Sichuan and Chongqing, and decided to suspend the 66 listed companies of both countries. The insurance industry, due to the amount insured and the insurance is low, after the earthquake, the disaster area is paid only $1.806 billion by the insurance industry. For Industry, the affected industrial enterprises in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces reached 17,923companies. The direct economic loss is $104.87 billion and other economic loss is about $83 billion. LEsson learned The earthquake happened in Sichuan, it took few days to grasp all the damages and number of casualty involved. All telecommunication was cut off, roads and bridges were destroyed by earthquake. Rescue team required to proceed to the affected area by climbing up mountains and crossing rivers by foot which caused a serious delay for the first response of the disaster. In this disaster, more than 90 % of casualties were killed by collapsed buildings. Most damaged buildings could not sustain the shock of the earthquake, even the government institution building. It obviously showed that the building code may not be upon standard or the enforcement action did not strictly comply by the local government. Introducing minimum safety standards for new building construction can largely reduce the risk from future earthquakes. In particular, improvements in the design and construction of reinforced concrete frame buildings with brick infill, in order to reduce the increase in risk. Furthermore, the urban planning in earthquake-prone regions can be improved by strengthen the buildings become more differcuit to collapse when they are shivered by earthquakes. In view of the damages were too large for local government to cope with and medical cooperation was not effective enough to rescue the casualties in the golden time. As such, the Emergency Response Plans should be recognized that for the first several hours after an earthquake, the first response is going to come from the local communities. Hence, training programs involving local volunteers are important to reduce the life loss from an earthquake. An aggressive planning and training in schools should be carried out by children knowing what to do when the shaking began. Drills should be undertaken to test the emergency response plans and keep them current with respect to changing conditions. Governmental institutions and civil society organizations should accept policies and develop programs for pro-active preparedness and mitigation instead of being concerns by response only. Awareness programs, preventive actions and long term mitigation policies will result in more responsible and capable institutions, more engaged communities and a more aware civil society. Urban risk reduction must be viewed as a partnership between the government and its citizenship. Lack of systematical rescue procedures were also noted in this disaster. A Government Logistic Centre should be established, in order to gather all the resources, supporting from Nation Wide Agency, Medical Supporting Team and Voluntary Rescue team from other country. However, the Government disaster plan should be developed to identify the resources that can respond to disaster immediately. These resources include both the human potential as well as the availability of heavy equipment, which hindered the immediate intervention of search and rescue on affected areas. Perform basic calculations to estimate the impact of the Sichuan earthquake Top 10 most important Earthquake (seismic activity) disasters for the period 1900 to 2010 Country Date No Total Affected China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/05/2008 45976596 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 21/08/1988 20003766 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 26/01/2001 6321812 Pakistan, Earthquake (ground shaking) 8/10/2005 5128000 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 3/02/1996 5077795 Guatemala, Earthquake (ground shaking) 4/02/1976 4993000 Haiti, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/01/2010 3700000 Peru, Earthquake (ground shaking) 31/05/1970 3216240 Indonesia, Earthquake (ground shaking) 27/05/2006 3177923 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 1/11/1999 3020004 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Earthquake depends on what kind it is issued by the district, if the earthquake occurred in sparsely populated areas which loss of life and property with little or no. However, if the earthquake occurred is a modern city, there will result in lives and property great loss. In addition to the economic value of material damage, the earthquake should be considered as a result of direct and indirect economic consequences, such as urban and rural migration, production interruption, health and other social services temporary to provide normally. We can be observed from above table, the Sichuan earthquake have brought the huge implications for loss of life and property. The number of total affected in the Sichuan earthquake are 45976596 which impact large than other countries. Comparison with natural disaster in Eastern Asia in 2008 Dates Geo Disaster Numbers Start End Location Type Killed Total Affected Est. Damage (US$ Million) 00/11/2008 00/00/2009 China -Henan, Anhui, Shanxi Drought 3700000 234.294 25/05/2008 25/05/2008 China Qingzhou, Sichuan Earthquake (ground shaking) 8 351000 26/12/2008 26/12/2008 China -Yunnan province Earthquake (ground shaking) 95019 06/10/2008 06/10/2008 China -Near Ningzhong, Yangi Earthquake (ground shaking) 30 754 30/08/2008 30/08/2008 China -Miyi, Lihui , Panzhihua Earthquake (ground shaking) 40 1000589 492 21/08/2008 21/08/2008 China -Yingjiang (Yunnan province) Earthquake (ground shaking) 6 160 05/08/2008 05/08/2008 China -Sichuan province Earthquake (ground shaking) 4 13529 12/05/2008 12/05/2008 China -Wenchuan country, Wencgua Earthquake (ground shaking) 87476 45976596 85000 14/02/2008 18/02/2008 China -Yunnan province Extreme winter conditions 16 10/01/2008 05/02/2008 China -Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui Extreme winter conditions 129 77000000 21100 07/07/2008 07/07/2008 China -Hubei, Yunnan provinces General Flood 19 3000000 102 10/10/2008 16/10/2008 China -Hainan Island General Flood 3 50000 31/10/2008 04/11/2008 China -Yunnan, Guangxi provinces General Flood 67 411000 29 07/08/2008 11/08/2008 China -Jinghong (Yunan province) General Flood 20 810000 42 02/05/2008 05/05/2008 China -Dangyang, Shayang General Flood 3 780000 19 07/06/2008 22/06/2008 China -Jiangxi, Guangxi General Flood 176 1600000 2200 27/05/2008 05/06/2008 China -Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi General Flood 64 538166 08/07/2008 08/07/2008 China -Long en village Landslide 15 08/09/2008 08/09/2008 China -Taoshi, near Linfen Landslide 277 35 13/06/2008 13/06/2008 China -Luliang (Shanxi province Landslide 19 14/03/2008 14/03/2008 China -Near Huocheng County Landslide 12 03/06/2008 03/06/2008 China -Zhoukou (Henan province) Local storm 10 100 23 17/04/2008 19/04/2008 China -Xinjiang Local storm 733 28/09/2008 28/09/2008 China -Ningle, Fuzhou, Putian Tropical cyclone 24/09/2008 25/09/2008 China -Near Maoming, Yanjiang Tropical cyclone 12 824 22/08/2008 23/08/2008 China -Canton, Shenzhen Tropical cyclone 4 900000 58 08/08/2008 11/08/2008 China -Leizhou Peninsula Tropical cyclone 42000 80 28/07/2008 08/08/2008 China -Yuexi, Jinzhai Tropical cyclone 1 93006 73 24/06/2008 27/06/2008 China -Sichuan, Guandong Tropical cyclone 14 340000 175 19/04/2008 19/04/2008 China -Shenzhen, Hainan Tropical cyclone 25 274000 49 25/09/2008 25/09/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 58 22/09/2008 22/09/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 2 112 0.38 05/08/2008 05/08/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 37 23/07/2008 24/07/2008 Japan -Hachinohe Earthquake (ground shaking) 1 470 110 14/06/2008 14/06/2008 Japan -Iwate, Miyazaki, Miyagi Earthquake (ground shaking 23 448 167 28/07/2008 29/07/2008 Japan -Kobe , Kanazawa General Flood 5 50003 04/05/2008 04/05/2008 Korea -Boryeong Storm surge/coastal Flood 10 13 01/05/2008 10/09/2008 Mongolia -Ulaanbaatar, Sukhbaatar Viral Infectious Diseases 3151 16/09/2008 16/09/2008 Taiwan Nantou Tropical cyclone 52 28/09/2008 28/09/2008 Taiwan Ilan county Tropical cyclone 30 60 90 23/09/2008 23/09/2008 Taiwan (China) Tropical cyclone 1 18/07/2008 19/07/2008 Taiwan -Stratit, Yilan Tropical cyclone 26 8 16 27/07/2008 27/07/2008 Taiwan Nantou county Tropical cyclone 2 10 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Comparison with the number of killed from natural disaster in China in 2008 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium The above chart is shown as the number of 87564 killed people from natural disaster in China. The earthquake was largest number of killed people than other natural disaster. Departments should focus on research institute in the future to prevent the recurrence of earthquakes. Reducing earthquake disasters on human life and property loss and damage caused. Comparison with estimate damage ($US million) from natural disaster in Eastern Asia in 2008 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium In economic losses, natural disasters occurred in China far more than other countries. Thus, the result has been impact on the economy to slow down the development of Chinas development. Estimation the impact of the earthquake The Sichuan earthquake led at minimum 5  million people missing housing. The estimate impact of economics might be as high as 11  million. Uncountable of agriculture were also damaged with 12.5 million animals and birds. In the Sichuan province a lot of pigs who died from out of the total number of 60 million. Catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide announced official evaluates of bought insurance amount about losses at US$1 billion in the earthquake, estimated total destroy over US$20 billion. There are including the values Chengdu, Sichuan Provinces capital city of 4.5  million people, worth US$115  billion, and having only a small part included by insurance. Multi-layered urban system LB HA IS SE NE Fast Slow Speed of change Space Narrow Vast HA Human Activities LB Land-use and Built environment IS InfraStructure SE Social Environment NE Natural Environment Ye Yaoxian 2008, Earthquake Disaster Comparatology City is a multi-layered system that includes other five levels of Natural Environment, Social Environment, InfraStructure, Land-use and Built environment, Human Activities. The above chart could estimate for urban speed of change to prevent unbalance between human activities and natural environment. Urban earthquake disaster is the earthquake struck the city of all these systems, so that the citys multi-level system of quality and functional decline. It is making the city the most vulnerable and potential dysfunction. A city could not stand the test of earthquake destruction. It depends on every level and all levels of interaction with suitable the methods and functions. China must harmonious development and sustainable management of our cities to economic afford the impact of the earthquake. Earthquake disaster is huge accident. The contributing factors of the earthquake disaster and characterized mainly the following four: Low frequency for occurrence of earthquake Disastrous earthquake in the same place where may take a hundred years or even centuries. Living in the earthquake risk residents, a life may not meet case of strong earthquake, or even generations also cannot feel by the cruel and powerful in the earthquake. Therefore, people undergo a seismic zone earthquake in the blood of the lesson often forgotten. Destruction of large areas by earthquake disaster Earthquake on the built environment, social environment and the natural environment will have major damage and impact. The damage will not only directly affect a countrys vast area, and may spread to the country, and even the world. Therefore, a comprehensive defense of this area of the disaster damage, not only requires enormous human and material resources, but also need a scientific decision support. High uncertainty to predict future earthquake We cannot accurately predict future earthquake time, location and magnitude of the three elements. Nowadays, we are in order to use the limited human and material resources to deal with a lot of uncertainty in the disaster that is almost impossible obviously. Strong interaction with natural and social factor Earthquake disaster is not only a natural phenomenon. There have also social, economic and environmental phenomena. Earthquake disaster will be the system with multi-level interaction. If the earthquake occurred in the undeveloped areas, although unexpected that but it will not form a disaster; However, if in a modern international metropolis, the world will be affected and impact. Different countries, from government to private plans are developed and adopted various measures to mitigate natural disasters, developed and developing countries start and finish a lot of assistance cooperation projects. Human factors involved in Sichuan earthquake Social and Political Factor After the earthquake, the Chinese government was quickly response to the earthquake that should be appreciation but its school construction scandal. The central government evaluates where over 7,000 not suitable engineered schoolrooms toppled in the earthquake. Chinese residents have since developed a catch phrase: tofu-dregs schoolhouses to fake materials with the quantity of structure of building which killed a lot of school children. It is because Chinas the policy of one-child, many families lost their only child while schools in the area of collapsed in the earthquake. Therefore, local officials in Sichuan province have cancelled the limit for families that only child was either killed or fatally injured in the disaster. Uneven urban development in China, especially Sichuan where were resulted in city marginalized. Sichuan public transport facilities are crude. There was difficult to access from the rescue terms. The problem has become serious in Chinas rich and poor. The well urban political planning is very important. Human vulnerability After the quake, donations from China and around the world were constantly. How many of the real victims could reach the help directly. It is because Chinas corruption problem is serious. Builders purchase building materials in the corruption or taking their commission. The result was produced tofu-dregs schoolhouses to reduce the quality of these inferior constructions. Sichuan Earthquake (Yr 2008) implication Sichuan earthquake is a disaster for two reasons: it is both an exceptional seismic event in itself, and exceeded the human abilities in the Sichuan province to encounter it. The combination of those two elements explains why this earthquake is a major disaster, with great losses. Regarding the casualties, the Sichuan earthquake is the second most important natural disaster in the world in 2008 (the first is the Nargis typhoon in Burma). But if we take into account the affected population and the economic losses, Wenchuan earthquake ranks first. The earthquake was indeed particularly devastating. The regions high vulnerability is one of the reasons for these dreadful damages, but it is not the only explanation. We can quickly name some of the earthquakes characteristics which explain the importance of damages. Ground motion observations from the earthquake indicate a long duration of ground shaking-over 100 seconds in most areas, and in rare cases as high as a few hundred seconds. The long duration of ground motion is a challenging issue in earthquake engineering because of its continuous impact, accumulating the damaging effects and compounding the development of fractures within engineering structures. As seismic waves travel through the ground, they produce both vertical and horizontal ground shaking effects, which have different structural impacts that must be accounted for in building design (Risk Management Solution, Stanford University). The vertical component of the Wenchuan earthquake was particularly important, inc reasing the damages to buildings. The surface ruptures were also exceptional and caused lots of damage (Xiwei Xu et al). There are also economic and social damage. A number of buildings and infrastructures have been destroyed or damaged. This had a significant impact on the local economy and on peoples living conditions. According to the Integrated Risk Governance Project Report (Peijun Shi et al, China) the earthquake damaged the following infrastructures: 24 express ways, 163 national and provincial highways, 7 important railways and 3 smaller ones, 22 airports (among them Chengdu airport). The electricity, communication, radio, television and water conservation infrastructures were also damaged, so were some cultural relics. 6 counties and 125 cities lacked electricity. More than 30 000 communication stations, 1 096 radio and television stations, 2473 major reservoirs, 822 electric stations, 1 105 dykes and 20 769 pipes were damaged. Roads were cut, so the access to some areas became difficult. These damages caused a degradation of the living conditions of a part of the population. For example, the damages to water pipes had consequences for 10.5 million people. The losses also concerned industry and agriculture. 17826 companies were affected and 5645 major industrial companies stopped production. In Sichuan and Gansu, 137000 hectares of crops and 486 000 hectares of forest were destroyed. Of course, the most important damage for peoples living conditions was the collapse of buildings. 15,106 million people have been displaced, essentially because of this reason (but also in order to dodge secondary disasters, such as lakes which were formed after the earthquake and could overflow, or such as landslides). Six months after the disaster, there were still 5 million peo ple who lived in temporary houses or even in tents. The amount of these losses is huge. The economic losses reached 845,136 billion Yuan in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi (with 771,717 billion Yuan only for Sichuan). Apart from the lossess on economic and society, and it was corrosion in the school buildings scandal. The Chinese central government estimates that over 7,000 poor engineered school rooms were collapsed in the earthquake., and such constructions that killed so many school children. Emergency Response Numbers of rescue personnel where have brigades from the Peoples Liberation Army going into action within 24 hours. However, Rescue efforts were very difficult from the beginning, owing to the difficult environment situation and the extensive damage to the basic public facilities. All roads delivery to Wenchuan Xian (Sichuan) had been stopped and rescuer should access to Wenchuan and this parameter on foot. In the days and weeks that followed, outside resources and personnel were delivered to the disaster zone. Reconstruction and Long Term Recovery Efforts The China State Council support for the Sichuan re-construction, the most pressing issue is to relief millions of persons as many of them still losing their home and most keep going to stay in temporary shelters of one kind or others. The Central Government of China is giving the pressure and using resources to built up the new housing when the coming of Winter. The earthquake: a shock which raises awareness about risk management The earthquake is also some kind of a test to the top management of PRC Governments reaction and abilities in general, and shock which raises awareness for the risk / emergency management system in particular. The growing importance attached to the principle of responsibility, the PRC Governments supervision of help are elements which can get a new importance in the future Chinese policy. Conclusion The Sichuan (Wenchuan) earthquake is a large-scale disaster which struck the Sichuan province, and more particularly its underdeveloped western part. Sichuan is one of the numerous Chinese provinces where earthquake risk is high: China is a country marked by natural disasters in general and earthquakes in particular. The disaster was a trial for the Chinese government and its administration, which both already had to deal with the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, at the end of the Cultural Revolution when China was far less developed than it is today. The management of the Wenchuan earthquake seems to be a rupture because of its efficiency and of the open attitude of the government, and of the multiplicity of actors who took part in relief work. In spite of difficulties, the solidarity outburst which occurred was unprecedented in the country. The time of crisis was followed by recovery, then rebuilding. This last moment was an opportunity to initiate new dynamics taking into account antis eismic norms in a more efficient way, better urban planning, programmes which integrate struggle against poverty, and also creating symbols and memorial places of the disaster. But dynamics related to this event do not only concern affected areas: the event generated a broader rise of awareness about risk issues, and had repercussions at a national scale. As a matter of fact, there are a growing number of reflections and measures about risk and disaster management in the whole administration: at a national level, but also at local officials, who fear the possibility of occurrence of a disaster in their own region. In any way, risk and disaster management appears like an important issue in land planning, and cannot be separated from economic and social development questions. The analysis of the Wenchuan earthquake can be a first approach to larger inquiries about natural disasters in China and their management for two reasons. First, it was a major disaster, which has already become a reference. Thus, its analysis can be a model to compare other events. Then, the earthquake triggered an unprecedented reaction: how are these dynamics going to evolve? This study focuses on seismic disasters, particularly on one event, whose size was exceptional. It aroused reactions and a rise of awareness which are also exceptional. China is marked by lots of disasters, which are usually less important and less spectacular. Making a list of common points and differences in the management of these different phenomena could be interesting. All of them are not national events like the Wenchuan earthquake was. Is the relative discretion of smaller disasters an obstacle for their taking into account by authorities and actors of land settlement? The Wenchuan disaster revealed many things about society and the government in China because it is an exceptional situation, a deviation from the norm. The media have built a specific memory about natural disasters, by showing the most sensational , elements or those whose description and visualization are the easiest so they have creat

Performance Based Pay for Teachers Essay -- Education Tests

"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it." - Aristotle On February 17, 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was signed into law (US Dept of Education). According to the Executive Summary of the US Department of Education’s website the purpose of this act was to stimulate the economy, create jobs, and provide funding for education. To encourage education reform at the state level, the competitive grant program, â€Å"Race to the Top,† was implemented. This allowed states to apply for grants, provided that certain education reform was taking place within states’ schools. One particular condition under this campaign has led to much debate within our education system, implementing a pay system based on a teacher’s academic performance and the methods used to determine this (US Dept of Education). There are many ways to compile data on a teacher and determine that person’s performance. Teacher performance can be based upon classroom observation, a teacher’s continuing development and education, and students’ standardized testing scores. The controversy centers around using student test scores to determine the performance of a teacher and thus her pay. Scott Andes, a research analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation voices the merits of performance based pay with his article â€Å"Getting Serious with Education: Why Can We Measure Students but Not Teachers?† High School English teachers, Jordan Kohanim and Ashley Ulrich vehemently state why there is no merit with performance based pay with their article, â€Å"No Merit to Merit Pay Arguments.† In each article both sides debate how performance based or merit pay will affect students, teachers, schools, and com... ...ides to come together and implement a plan for better practices in assessing the performance of the nation’s teachers and its students. Works Cited "Race to the Top Executive Summary." US Department of Education Website. 20 Semptember 2010. Web . 2009. 16 November 2010 Andes, Scott. â€Å"Getting Serious About Education: Why Can We Measure Students But Not Teachers?" Progressive Fix Website. 28 July 2010. .16 November 2010 Aristotle. QuoteWorld.org. 2010. Web. . 16 November 2010 Kohanim, Jordan and Ashley Ulrich. "Teachers: No Merit to Merit Pay Arguments." Atlanta Journal-Constitution Website. 28 February 2010. Web. .16 November 2010

Characterization in The Little Prince and Pinocchio Essay -- essays pa

Characterization in The Little Prince and Pinocchio Children’s stories are often written about growing up or appreciating the joy of being a kid. These stories consist of characters that children can easily relate to and offer the road to exciting adventures. The main character has a personality very similar to the young readers. They have childlike qualities that are enchanting, lovable, curious and especially adventurous. The protagonist encounters individuals on his adventures, which have specific characteristics that mirror the traits of the main character. The reader may also boast these same characteristics, which guides the reader to understand the conflicts they may encounter in life. These dominant traits are very simple to spot and are used to create powerful images and send influential messages of morality either directly or indirectly to the young readers. Each character symbolizes a specific temptation or obstacle a child must take in order to grow into a good and moral adult. In the two stories of The Litt le Prince by Saint-Exupery and Pinocchio by Collodi, the authors effectively illustrate how important it is to learn self-discipline as a child even when it is so easy to get caught up in the moment and lose sight of the big picture. Through the effective character personality traits and their captivating adventures the child stays attentive and retains the moral lesson the author is attempting to convey. Pinocchio and the Little Prince are very similar characters. They are exciting, curious and adventurous and are both striving towards a particular goal. Pinocchio wants to become a boy and must abide by certain conditions before his ultimate goal can be reached. The Little Prince is on an excit... ...tle Prince’s soul rests in his home planet through the rose. Like the Prince, the rose is delicate and needs protection from outside dangers. Her roots are planted at home and she is in need of constant care. Dynamic characterization of Pinocchio and the Little Prince, as well as minor characters in the story, have created an exciting adventure for children. These stories keep the reader interested and begging for more even though they are essentially educational readings. By using minor characters to exemplify the complexity of the main character, the authors were able to deliver many powerful messages of morality and help children understand the complexities growing up. Bibliography: C. Collodi. Pinocchio. Trans. Ed Young. New York: Philomel Books, 1996 Saint – Exupery. The Little Prince. Trans, T. V. F. Cuffe, London: Penguin Books, 1995

Growth of Sammy in John Updikes A&P :: A&P John Updike

The Growth of Sammy in Updike’s A & P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story "A&P," by John Updike, the main character Sammy makes the leap from an adolescent, knowing little more about life than what he has learned working at the local grocery store, into a man prepared for the rough road that lies ahead. As the story begins, Sammy is nineteen and has no real grasp for the fact that he is about to be living on his own working to support himself. Throughout the course of the story, he changes with a definite step into, first, a young man realizing that he must get out of the hole he is in and further into a man, who has a grasp on reality looking forward to starting his own family. In the beginning, Sammy is but a youth growing up learning what he knows about life in small town grocery store. His role models include, Stokesie, the twenty-two year-old, supporting a family doing the same job Sammy does yet aspiring to one day have the manager's position, and Lengel, the store manager who most certainly started out in the same place that Stokesie an d he were already in. Stoksie, the great role model, continues to be as adolescent as Sammy, with his "Oh, Daddy, I feel so faint," and even Sammy sees this noting that "as far as I can tell that's the only difference (between he and I)." Sammy whittles away his days looking at pretty girls and thinking about the ways of people. He hardly realizes that this is how he will spend his entire existence if he doesn't soon get out of this job. During this day that will prove to change his life, he makes the step towards his realization. He decides that he doesn't want to spend the rest of his life working at an A&P competing for the store manager's position. Sammy thinks to himself about his parent's current social class and what they serve at cocktail parties. And, in turn, he thinks about what he will be serving, if he stays at the A&P, "When my parents have somebody over they get lemonade and if it's a real racy affair Schlitz in tall glasses with 'They'll Do It Every Time' cartoons st enciled on." He must get out and the sooner the better. He is still just an adolescent who hasn't completely thought through his decision and yet his mind is made up.

Marketing strategies Essay

The word â€Å"strategy† is derived from the Greek word â€Å"stratà §gos†; stratus (meaning army) and â€Å"ago† (meaning leading/moving). Strategy is an action that managers take to attain one or more of the organization’s goals. Strategy can also be defined as â€Å"A general direction set for the company and its various components to achieve a desired state in the future. Strategy results from the detailed strategic planning process†. A strategy is all about integrating organizational activities and utilizing and allocating the scarce resources within the organizational environment so as to meet the present objectives. While planning a strategy it is essential to consider that decisions are not taken in a vaccum and that any act taken by a firm is likely to be met by a reaction from those affected, competitors, customers, employees or suppliers. Strategy can also be defined as knowledge of the goals, the uncertainty of events and the need to take into consideration the likely or actual behavior of others. Strategy is the blueprint of decisions in an organization that shows its objectives and goals, reduces the key policies, and plans for achieving these goals, and defines the business the company is to carry on, the type of economic and human organization it wants to be, and the contribution it plans to make to its shareholders, customers and society at large. Features of strategic management Strategy relates the firm to its environment, particularly the external environ-ment in all actions whether objective setting, or actions and resources required for its achievement. This definition emphasizes on the systems approach of management and treats an organization as part of the society consequently affected by it. Strategy is the right combination of factors both external and internal. In relating an organization to its environment, the management must also consider the internal factors too, particularly its strengths and weaknesses, to take various courses of action. Strategy is relative combination of actions. The combination is to meet a particu-lar condition, to solve certain problems, or to attain a desirable objective. It may take any form; for every situation varies and, therefore, requires a somewhat different approach. Strategy may even involve contradictory action. Since strategic action depends on environmental variables, a manager may take an action today and revise or reverse his steps tomorrow depending on the situations. Strategy is forward looking. It has orientation towards the future. Strategic ac-tion is required in a new situation. Nothing-new requiring solutions can exist in the past, and so strategy is relevant only to the future. Process The strategic management process is more than just a set of rules to follow. It is a philosophical approach to business. Upper management must think strategically first, then apply that thought to a process. The strategic management process is best implemented when everyone within the business understands the strategy. The five stages of the process are goal-setting, analysis, strategy formation, strategy implementation and strategy monitoring. 1. Goal-Setting The purpose of goal-setting is to clarify the vision for your business. This stage consists of identifying three key facets: First, define both short- and long-term objectives. Second, identify the process of how to accomplish your objective. Finally, customize the process for your staff, give each person a task with which he can succeed. Keep in mind during this process your goals to be detailed, realistic and match the values of your vision. Typically, the final step in this stage is to write a mission statement that succinctly communicates your goals to both your shareholders and your staff. 2. Analysis Analysis is a key stage because the information gained in this stage will shape the next two stages. In this stage, gather as much information and data relevant to accomplishing your vision. The focus of the analysis should be on understanding the needs of the business as a sustainable entity, its strategic direction and identifying initiatives that will help your business grow. Examine any external or internal issues that can affect your goals and objectives. Make sure to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of your organization as well as any threats and opportunities that may arise along the path. 3. Strategy Formulation The first step in forming a strategy is to review the information gleaned from completing the analysis. Determine what resources the business currently has that can help reach the defined goals and objectives. Identify any areas of which the business must seek external resources. The issues facing the company should be prioritized by their importance to your success. Once prioritized, begin formulating the strategy. Because business and economic situations are fluid, it is critical in this stage to develop alternative approaches that target each step of the plan. 4. Strategy Implementation Successful strategy implementation is critical to the success of the business venture. This is the action stage of the strategic management process. If the overall strategy does not work with the business’ current structure, a new structure should be installed at the beginning of this stage. Everyone within the organization must be made clear of their responsibilities and duties, and how that fits in with the overall goal. Additionally, any resources or funding for the venture must be secured at this point. Once the funding is in place and the employees are ready, execute the plan. 5. Evaluation and Control Strategy evaluation and control actions include performance measurements, consistent review of internal and external issues and making corrective actions when necessary. Any successful evaluation of the strategy begins with defining the parameters to be measured. These parameters should mirror the goals set in Stage Types of strategic management 1. Functional strategies Functional strategy- selection of decision rules in each functional area. Thus, functional strategies in any organization, some (e.g., marketing strategy, financial strategy, etc.). It is desirable that they have been fixed in writing. In particular, functional strategies are as follows: Production strategy( â€Å"make or buy†) – defines what the company produces itself, and that purchases from suppliers or partners, that is, how far worked out the production chain. Financial Strategy- to select the main source of funding: the development of their own funds (depreciation, profit, the issue of shares, etc.) or through debt financing (bank loans, bonds, commodity suppliers’ credits, etc.). Organizational strategy- decision on the organization of the staff (choose the type of organizational structure, compensation system, etc.). May be allocated and other functional strategies, for example, the strategy for research and experimental development (R & D), investment strategy, etc. In addition, each of the functional strategies can be divided into components. For example, organizational strategy can be divided into three components: strategy of building organizations – to select the type of structure (divisional, functional, project, etc.); strategy to work with the staff – a way of training (mainly administrative staff), training of staff (in a business or educational institutions), career planning, etc.; Strategy wages (in the broader sense – rewards and penalties) – in particular, the approach to the compensation of senior managers (salary, bonuses, profit sharing, etc.). Organization for the implementation of the strategy at the functional area responsible senior specialist (Ch. Engineer, Director of Finance), at the enterprise level – the general director or director of the department, at the level of groups of companies – a collegiate body (management, board of directors). 2. Human resources Role in Strategy Formulation: HRM is in a unique position to supply competitive intelligence that may be useful in strategy formulation. Details regarding advanced incentive plans used by competitors, opinion survey data from employees, elicit information about customer complaints, information about pending legislation etc. can be provided by HRM. Unique HR capabilities serve as a driving force in strategy formulation. 3. Marketing strategies Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm’s marketing resources and activities. Globalization has led firms to market beyond the borders of their home countries, making international marketinghighly significant and an integral part of a firm’s marketing strategy. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business’s size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. To create an effective, cost-efficient marketing management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. To achieve the desired objectives, marketers typically identify one or more target customer segments which they intend to pursue. Customer segments are often selected as targets because they score highly on two dimensions: 1) The segment is attractive to serve because it is large, growing, makes frequent purchases, is not price sensitive (i.e. is willing to pay high prices), or other factors; and 2) The company has the resources and capabilities to compete for the segment’s business, can meet their needs better than the competition, and can do so profitably. [3] In fact, a commonly cited definition of marketing is simply â€Å"meeting needs profitably.† 4. Financial strategy To get the most out of your financial resources and achieve sustainability you’ll need to successfully manage all your funding and financing sources in an overarching strategy for your organisation. Many organisations manage income from a number of different funding and finance sources – from donations, grants, contracts and income generated from trading. A financial strategy enables your organisation to assess your financial needs and the sources of support required to meet your objectives and fulfil the organisational mission, whilst also planning for continued growth to enable stability. You’re financial strategy will derive from your mission. So the first step is to clearly define why you exist and you plan to achieve your mission before preparing any budgets. Cadbury History Birmingham 1824 John Cadbury was one of ten children of Richard Tapper Cadbury, a prominent Quaker who had moved to Birmingham, England from the West Country in 1794. In 1824, 22-year-old John Cadbury opened his first shop at 93 Bull Street, next to his father’s drapery and silk business in the then fashionable part of Birmingham. Apart from selling tea and coffee, John Cadbury sold hops, mustard and a new sideline – cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared using a mortar and pestle. Cocoa and drinking chocolate had been introduced into England in the 1650s but remained a luxury enjoyed by the elite of English society. Customers at John Cadbury’s shop were amongst the most prosperous Birmingham families, the only ones who could afford the delicacy. Cocoa beans were imported from South and Central America and the West Indies. Experimenting with his mortar and pestle, John Cadbury produced a range of cocoa and chocolate drinks, the latter with added sugar. The products were sold in blocks: customers scraped a little off into a cup or saucepan and added hot milk or water. John Cadbury had a considerable flair for advertising and promotion. â€Å"John Cadbury is desirous of introducing to particular notice ‘Cocoa Nibs’, prepared by himself, an article affording a most nutritious beverage for breakfast,† announced his first advertisement in the Birmingham Gazette in March 1824. He soon established himself as one of the leading cocoa and drinking chocolate traders in Birmingham. The popularity and growing sales of John Cadbury’s cocoa and drinking chocolate of ‘superior quality’ determined the future direction of the business. In 1831, John Cadbury rented a small factory in Crooked Lane not far from his shop. He became a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, laying the foundation for the Cadbury chocolate business. These early cocoa and drinking chocolates were balanced with potato starch and sago flour to counter the high cocoa butter content, while other ingredients were added to give healthy properties. By 1842, John Cadbury was selling sixteen lines of drinking chocolate and cocoa in cake and powder forms. The Quaker Influence The Cadbury family were prominent members of the Society of Friends or Quakers, one of the many nonconformist religious groups formed in the 17th century. Their strong beliefs carried into campaigns aimed at ending poverty and deprivation and many prominent Quaker-run businesses were part of reforms of social and industrial society in Victorian Britain. John Cadbury’s lifelong involvement with the Temperance Society influenced the direction of his business enterprise. By providing tea, coffee, cocoa and chocolate as an alternative to alcohol he felt he was helping to alleviate some of the alcolohol-related causes of poverty and deprivation amongst working people. He also incorporated some of these principles in his industrial relations philosophy. (See A Progressive Workplace) Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham John Cadbury As the enterprise prospered, in 1847 John Cadbury rented a larger factory in Bridge Street, off Broad Street, in the centre of Birmingham and went into partnership with his brother Benjamin – trading as Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. The retail side of the business in Bull Street was passed to a nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow in 1849. Barrow Stores, as it became, traded in Central Birmingham until the 1960s. A major turning point for the cocoa and chocolate industry came in the mid-1850s, when taxes on imported cocoa beans were reduced by Prime Minister William Gladstone. The previously prohibitive chocolate products were now within the reach of the wider population. Cadbury Brothers received their first Royal Warrant on February 4, 1854 as ‘manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria.’ The company continues to hold royal warrants of appointment. During the 1850s business began to decline. The partnership between the first Cadbury brothers was dissolved in 1860, a difficult time in the company’s history. John Cadbury’s sons Richard and George, who had joined the company in the 1850s, became the second Cadbury brothers to run the business when their father retired due to failing health in 1861. John Cadbury devoted the rest of his life to civic and social work in Birmingham until his death in 1889. Although they had worked in their father’s business for some years, the prospects for Richard. 25, and George, 21, were daunting. Their first five years were a period of unremitting toil with few customers, long hours and very frugal living. Both seriously considered taking up other vocations – Richard as a surveyor in England and George as a tea planter in India. George was focused on manufacturing, and Richard with sales, but in the early days both brothers went out and promoted their goods. Due to their dedication, sheer hard work and improvements in the quality of Cadbury cocoa products, the business survived and prospered. Technological Advancements Historic packaging Dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products, including their own, the Cadbury brothers took a momentous step in 1866 that not only had a bearing on their business but revolutionised the whole of the British cocoa business. Until that time English cocoa had been heavily adulterated with starch substances like potato flour or sago to mask the excess cocoa butter. The cocoa drink, as described by George Cadbury himself, was a â€Å"comforting gruel†. Following a visit to the Van Houten factory in Holland to see their new cocoa press, the brothers introduced this new process to their Bridge Street factory. The press removed some of the cocoa butter from the beans, producing a less rich and more palatable cocoa essence – the forerunner of the cocoa we know today. There was no need to add flour and Cadbury’s new cocoa essence was advertised as ‘Absolutely pure†¦therefore Best’ At that time there was much concern in Parliament about the adulteration of food, including cocoa. The new unadulterated Cadbury’s cocoa essence was heralded as a major breakthrough and resulted in the passing of the Adulteration of Food Acts in 1872 and 1875. Cadbury received a remarkable amount of free publicity during this period and sales increased dramatically. The marketing of this cocoa essence helped turn a small business into a vast worldwide company. The introduction of cocoa essence was not the only innovation that improved the Cadbury Brothers’ trade. The plentiful supply of cocoa butter remaining after the cocoa was pressed made it possible to produce a wide variety of new kinds of ‘eating chocolate,’ leading to the development of the smooth creamy chocolate produced today. The quality of the chocolates made by the company following the introduction of the cocoa press was such that in the 1870s, Cadbury broke the monopoly which French producers had previously enjoyed in the British Market. Cadbury’s Chocolate Box A chocolate for eating had been produced at the Cadbury factory since 1849 but it was not, by today’s standards, a very palatable product. With the availability of cocoa butter a new chocolate recipe produced chocolate similar to that which we enjoy today. Refined plain chocolate was made for moulding into blocks or making bars and chocolate creams that with chocolate-covered fruit-flavoured centres. Cadbury’s â€Å"fancy chocolates†- or assortments as they are now called – were sold in decorated boxes, with small pictures that children could cut out to stick into scrapbooks. Richard Cadbury applied his considerable artistic talents to introduce more ambitious and attractive box designs from his own paintings, using his own children as models or depicting flowers and scenes from his travels. They were the first British-made fancy chocolate boxes and were very popular. Some of his original boxes still exist. Elaborate chocolate boxes were much prized as special gifts by the late Victorians as they could later be used as trinket or button boxes. Chocolate box designs ranged from superb velvet covered caskets with bevelled mirrors and silk lined jewel boxes to pretty boxes with pictures on the lid. The popularity of these splendid Cadbury boxes continued until their disappearance during the Second World War. Victorian and Edwardian chocolate boxes are now collector’s items. Cadbury Brothers Ltd The business became a private limited company – Cadbury Brothers Limited – in 1899 following Richard Cadbury’s sudden death at the age of 63. George Cadbury became chairman of the new board and his fellow directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury, sons of Richard and two of his own sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. By 1899, the Bournville factory had trebled in size with more than 2,600 employees. With the formation of the limited company, Bournville entered a new era as the younger members of the Board introduced new ideas – analytical laboratories, advertising and cost offices, a sales department, works committee, medical department, pension funds, education and training for employees. The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within a factory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site, including tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and printing plant. This policy continued until well after the Second World War when the rationalisation of the business to mainstream activity – production and marketing of chocolate confectionery- led to the use of outside specialised suppliers for ancillary items. . Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948 by importing chocolates. It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and sales offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate head office is inMumbai. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with theKerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research. Cadbury was incorporated in India on 19 July 1948. Currently, Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, 5 Star, Perk, Bournville, Celebrations, Gems, Halls, Éclairs, Bubbaloo, Tang and Oreo. Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, 5-Star, Perk, Gems (a version of M&M’s), Eclairs,Bournvita, Celebrations, Bilkul Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, Toblerone, Halls, Tang and Oreo. It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%. Products Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars Dairy Milk, Crunchie, Caramel, Wispa, Boost, Picnic, Flake, Curly Wurly, Chomp, and Fudge; chocolate Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand Milk Tray; and the twist-wrapped chocolates Heroes. As well as Cadbury’s chocolate, the company also owns Maynards and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett’s brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts, Jelly Babies, Flumps, Mints, Black Jack chews, Trident gum, and Softmints. Notable product introductions include: 1866: Cocoa Essence 1875: Easter Eggs 1897: Milk Chocolate and Fingers 1905: Dairy Milk 1908: Bournville 1914: Fry’s Turkish Delight 1915: Milk Tray 1920: Flake 1923: Creme Egg (launched as Fry’s) 1926: Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut 1929: Crunchie (launched as Fry’s) 1938: Roses 1948: Fudge 1958: Picnic 1960: Dairy Milk Buttons 1968: Aztec 1970: Curly Wurly 1974: Snack 1976: Double Decker 1981: Wispa (relaunched 2007) 1985: Boost 1987: Twirl 1992: Time Out 1995: Wispa Gold (relaunched 2009 and 2011) 1996: Fuse 2001: Brunch Bar, Dream and Flake Snow 2009: Dairy Milk Silk 2010: Dairy Milk Bliss 2011: Big Race oreo 2012: Marvellous Creations and Crispello. Advertising controversy In May 2011 the model Naomi Campbell described the new advertisement for the Bliss bar as ‘insulting and hurtful’. Reacting to the advertisement, which had the tag line Move over Naomi – there is a new diva in town, Campbell said, â€Å"I am shocked. It’s upsetting to be described as chocolate, not just for me, but for all black women and black people. I do not find any humour in this.† A spokesperson for the company insisted that the campaign was â€Å"a light-hearted take on the social pretensions of Cadbury Dairy Milk Bliss†. The campaign was, he later added, â€Å"no longer in circulation†¦ we have no plans to repeat the campaign.† Reacting to Campbell’s outburst, comedian Reginald D. Hunter, on the BBC television comedy quiz Have I Got News For You, suggested that it was complimentary for black people to be compared to chocolate, and that enjoyment of the Bliss bar might even be enhanced by a love of black people. Health and safety 2006 Salmonella scare On 19 January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes detected a rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria, affecting seven of its products, said to have been caused by a leaking pipe. The leak occurred at itsMarlbrook plant, in Herefordshire, which produces chocolate crumb mixture; the mixture is then transported to factories at Bournville and formerly Somerdale to be turned into milk chocolate. It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes officially notified the Food Standards Agency, shortly after which it recalled more than a million chocolate bars. In December 2006, the company announced that the cost of dealing with the contamination would reach  £30 million. In April 2007, Birmingham City Council announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation. At that time, theHealth Protection Agency identified 31 people who had been infected with Salmonella Montevideo. One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadbury’s caramel bar. An investigation being carried out at that time by Herefordshire Council led to a further six charges being brought. The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges, and was fined one million pounds at Birmingham Crown Court—the sentencing of both cases was brought together.[70] Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group, with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health. Head office Cadbury’s head office is the Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge, London Borough of Hillingdon, England. The building occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2) of space inside Building 3 of the business park. Cadbury, which leases space in the building it occupies, had relocated from central London to its current head office. Cadbury’s previous head office was in 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair, City of Westminster. In 1992 the company leased the space for  £55 per 1 square foot (0.093 m2). In 2002 the company agreed to pay  £68.75 per square foot. The Daily Telegraph reported in 2007 that the rent was expected to increase to a â€Å"three-figure sum. † In 2007 Cadbury Schweppes had announced that it was moving to Uxbridge to cut costs. As of that year the head office had 200 employees. After the Kraft Foods acquisition of Cadbury, Kraft announced that the Cadbury head office would remain the â€Å"Cadbury House.† Mission statement of cadbury. Cadbury’s mission statement says simply: ‘Cadbury means quality’; this is our promise. Our reputation is built upon quality; our commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that our promise is delivered’ . Vision The Vision into action (VIA) plan embodies all aspects of our strategy. Our governing objective is to deliver superior shareowner returns by realizing our vision to be the world’s biggest and best confectionery company. At the heart of our plan is our financial scorecard, judiciously reinforced by our priorities, commitments and culture . Management information strategy. A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively.[1] Management information systems are typically computer systems used for managing five primary components: 1.) Hardware, 2.) Software, 3.) Data (information for decision making), 4.) Procedures (design,development and documentation), and 5.) People (individuals, groups, or organizations). Management information systems are distinct from other information systems, in that they are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities.[2] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including systems termed decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.[2] Most business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities) have an MIS department, alongside departments of accounting, finance, management, marketing, and sometimes others, and grant degrees (at undergrad, masters, and PhD levels) in MIS. Characteristics of management information strategies Strategic information management is a salient feature in the world of information technology (IT). In a nutshell, strategic information management helps businesses and organizations categorize, store, process and transfer the information they create and receive. It also offers tools for helping companies apply metrics and analytical tools to their information repositories, allowing them to recognize opportunities for growth and pinpoint ways to improve operational efficiency. Automation IT professionals design strategic information management systems to automate the management of incoming and outgoing information to the greatest possible degree. While each company has its own unique IT needs, strategic information management systems typically include built-in controls that filter, sort, categorize and store information in easy-to-manage categories. Customization Strategic information management systems are typically customized to meet the unique needs of each individual company. Incoming and outgoing data can be sorted and cross-referenced according to a wide range of individually specified controls and parameters, which include the company’s business verticals and horizontals, individual clients, demographics, geographic location and business function. Strategic information management systems are extensively categorized, allowing for an optimal level of organization. Access controls can be as strict or as lax as the client wants, allowing for company-wide access to information databases or limiting information accessibility to key personnel. User-specific controls can also be set, in case employees need access to certain information but management wants to limit their access to sensitive data. Benefits The benefits of strategic information management can be felt from the executive level right down to the functional staff level. It can help businesses expand their operations into new areas, set goals, measure performance and improve overall productivity. Risks Some of the risks involved with strategic information management systems include implementation challenges, incompatibility with client databases and human error. As with other IT management techniques, data protection and information security is also an ongoing concern. Conclusion Cadbury is one of the best known brands in the world today. It is a brand which is associated with high levels of quality and customer satisfaction. The ongoing growth of Cafà © Cadbury provides a flagship that further helps to enhance the reputation of the Cadbury Masterbrand. At the same time, it provides customers with the opportunity to indulge themselves in the enjoyment of high quality products in a welcoming environment.